More than 200,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, though it is estimated that several million occur globally. Larger earthquakes tend to shake longer and harder and therefore cause more damage to structures1. Earthquake mitigation planmeasures people actively maintain the mosques on their own. But once in awhile, we experience larger earthquakes too. Earthquakes can be one of the most devastating natural disasters. Within the earth rocks are constantly subjected to forces that tend to bend, twist, or fracture them. As a rayleigh wave moves across the earths surface, the earth moves up and down like an ocean wave. Fires destroyed much of san francisco during the great 1906 earthquake.
Your chance of being killed in an earthquake is a factor of 3 less than it was in 1900. Pdf greece is a country highly vulnerable to earthquakes. The assessment and mitigation of earthquake risk unesco digital. Two methods of earthquake forecasting are being employed paleoseismology and seismic gaps.
Earthquakes may cause foundation problems when moist filled land liquefies. Therefore, in the pre earthquake phase, preparedness, mitigation and prevention. It may refer to measures taken to reduce the harmful effects of hazards that remain in potentia, or to manage harmful incidents that have already occurred. May 30, 2014 earthquake mitigation planmeasures people actively maintain the mosques on their own. Measuring large earthquakes at small periods simply misses their true size.
Pdf should earthquake mitigation measures be voluntary. Building damage from the marmara, turkey earthquake of. However, the two terms are quite different, and they are often confused. Preventive and mitigation measures when earthquake strikes a building is thrown mostly from side to side, and also up and down along with the building foundation the building structure tends to stay at rest, similar to a passenger standing on a bus that accelerates quickly. Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration by.
Within the earth rocks are constantly subjected to. Make a family emergency plan, so that everyone knows what to do and where to go in case of an emergency. Recording and measuring earthquakes earthquakes generate vibrations called seismic waves that travel through the earth in all directions from the focus, the point beneath the earths surface where the earthquake begins. Earthquake magnitude earthquake severity richter magnitude earthquake effects less than 3. For example, 30,000 died in erzincan during the 1939 richter magnitude 8 earthquake, further east on the same anatolian fault responsible for the marmara earthquake. Loud speakers and battery alternate power is available. Students also explore the topic of earthquake prediction. Disastrous earthquake in bangladesh and its precautions from various authentic sources have presented the various important aspects of earthquake and its threats, risks, vulnerability, preparations, precautions and rescue tasks with special vulnerability information on rural electrification re program in bangladesh.
Pdf disaster management and mitigation for earthquakes. And, after the earthquake is over, the process of strain buildup at this modified interface between the rocks starts all over again figure 6. The earthquake occurred about 300 km away from mexico city, but the soil amplified the motion of the ground by a factor of about 75 times. Emergency preparedness operations plan baltimore county. Note how in the lower crosssection, this earthquake and its aftershocks have filled in the loma prieta gap. Building damage from the marmara, turkey earthquake of august. Isbn 9781922201805 pdf geocat 75909 illustrations by stuart mcmillen. They are caused when the earths tectonic plates move, rub, collide, or break apart. Many of these go undetected because their magnitude is small or they occur in areas which are not closely monitored. Introduce the story on master 2, the turtle tale, and read it aloud. Most popular measure of seismic source size, surface wav e. National earthquake information center systems overview.
Most seismic events earthquakes are very minor, and do not. National earthquake information center systems overview and. National earthquake information center systems overview and integration. Defining an earthquakeunit i, level 1, grades k2 i 2. It is referred by a certain real number on the richter scale e. An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the release of energy stored in rocks.
Examples of nonstructural seismic hazard mitigation objectives 5. Hazard mitigation of critical facilities erin ashley, phd, leed ap infrastructure resilience group lead urs 2014 international workshop on. Earthquake hazards and mitigation strategies for each lesson in this section students learn about an. This is a brief definition which students of all ages can master. Upon detection of a teleseismic earthquake, assess in realtime its tsunami potential.
For better understanding of all the possibilities of earthquake risk reduction, it is important to classify them in terms of the role that each one of them could play. The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. Rayleigh waves can move through the surface of both earth and water. The national earthquake hazards reduction program nehrp leads the federal governments efforts to reduce the fatalities, injuries and property losses caused by earthquakes. Nonstructural earthquake mitigation guidance manual prepared for federal emergency management agency 500 c street, sw washington, d. Baltimore county maintains a high level of readiness for natural and manmade disasters and a variety of hazards. The larger the earthquake, the longer the source scaling law. Dec 30, 2015 the earthquake occurred about 300 km away from mexico city, but the soil amplified the motion of the ground by a factor of about 75 times. Earthquake earthquakes are sudden, violent shaking of the earths crust. A full definition of the term, however, would need to include a good deal more.
This still leaves the san francisco and parkfield gaps as areas where we might predict a future large event. Buildings 15 to 25 storeys high were damaged, causing. In the first part of this twoday lesson, i have a hook to give students a glimpse into the destructive power of earthquakes. Mitigation definition, the act of mitigating, or lessening the force or intensity of something unpleasant, as wrath, pain, grief, or extreme circumstances. This book is meant to introduce the fundamentals of earthquake protection of nonstructural elements in buildings to first time readers, wishing to get a grip of the basics of the subject. Social support is the most important factor in the mitigation of stress among adolescents.
Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. Additionally, if you would like all of the resources together in a pdf document, that can be accessed as a complete resource here. Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the size of the earthquake reflecting the elastic energy released by the earthquake. Earthquake prediction, control and mitigation tulane university. Chapter 6 seismic design washington state department of.
Inthe case of sumatra, full size available only from normal modes. An earthquake also known as a quake, tremor or temblor is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earths crust that creates seismic waves. The earthquake when she opened the door, she didnt smile at him. Before an earthquake during an earthquake after an earthquake for more information on earthquake. Earthquake is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earths crust or volcanic action. Earthquake mitigation plan and measures linkedin slideshare.
Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration 107 be about 16 kin. Even when a tank remains on its legs, the supply line can be. Introduction to earthquake engineering notes ebook free. A flimsy flexible structure may avoid destruction in an earthquake, while a solid masonry building would be destroyed. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. Earthquake hazards mitigation here on the big island, we feel small earthquakes on a regular basis, and magma movement underground that precedes eruptive activity produces lowlevel tremor.
Therefore, in the preearthquake phase, preparedness, mitigation and prevention. Mitigation measures require financial investment by the utility. The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the. The state of the art earthquake prediction in the northeastern region is also discussed. Impact of earthquake is characterized by intensity and epicenter, also aftershocks. Finally, students may need their earth science reference tables esrt for parts of the lesson a document used widely in the new york state earth science regents. Frequent, large earthquakes in remote areas represent high seismic hazard but low seismic risk, while moderate earth quakes directly beneath a large urban. Introduction to earthquake protection of nonstructural. It just received an honorable mention in the green book festival the purpose of the book is to give a simple explanation of an earthquake what causes them.
A building that is intended to stand for some years should be able to meet these challenges. Earthquakeresistant construction of adobe buildings. The geotectonic setup of the country, which is located along two of the planets active plate boundaries. Pdf should earthquake mitigation measures be voluntary or. Similar types of damage were observed to a lesser extent in many prior earthquakes throughout turkey. Get an emergency kit, so that you and your family can be. A possible side effect of an earthquake is a tsunami, which means. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural disasters on earth.
The sudden slip at the fault causes the earthquake a violent shaking of the earth when large elastic strain energy released spreads out through seismic waves that travel through the body and along the surface of the earth. Methods of improving postdisaster response and other suggestions towards earthquake hazard mitigation are discussed. Replacement of piping with flexible joints to prevent earthquake damage. Tsunami being lowfrequencyisgenerated by longest periods in seismic source static moment m0.
People give importance to, listen carefully to the announcement from a mosque. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. Mitigation definition of mitigation by the free dictionary. Pakistan is located in one of the most earthquake prone region with many devastating earthquakes in the past and active tectonic shows that there might be more earthquakes in future. An earthquake happens when rock deep in the earth moves or breaks. Reinforcement of water towers to prevent tornado damage. For seven days in may 2011, an ascecopri coastal structures team investigated the earthquake and tsunami effects specific to engineered coastal structures.
Project report on earthquake pdf earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards. Figure 310 illustrates ground motion caused by rayleigh waves. Eighth grade lesson earthquakes day 12 betterlesson. Lessons learned from recent earthquake disasters have shown that preparedness and prevention. Lesson 6 focuses on the properties of seismic waves and introduces students to earthquake measuring scales. Mitigation is the reduction of something harmful or the reduction of its harmful effects. By michelle guy, john patton, jeremy fee, mike hearne, eric martinez, d.
National earthquake hazards reduction program fema. Find out what to do before, during, and after an earthquake. Ketchum, charles worden, vince quitoriano, edward hunter, gregory smoczyk, and stan schwarz. Earthquake causes and characteristics page 311 rayleigh waves. The numbers 161 refer to those on the map in figure 3. Bridge approach embankments and fills through which cutandcover tunnels are constructed should be designed to remain stable during the design seismic event because. Finally, earthquake disaster mitigation plan is proposed for the region, incorporating pre during and post. Please refer to attached resource in the lesson introduction for the. When earthquake strikes a building is thrown mostly from side to side, and also up and down along with. Earthquake effects can cover hundreds of thousands of square kilometers find. Fema and three other federal agencies coordinate their complementary activities to implement and maintain the program. The structures are strong and have more chances of surviving in an earthquake. The emergency operations plan and hazard mitigation plan update describe the management and coordinated responses to such disasters and hazards. The ability to do earthquake location and calculate magnitude immediately brings us into two basic requirement of instrumentation.
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